If the mealworm isn't properly chewed up (which most of the time beardies don't fully) yes, it can.
Mealworms aren't a very good diet for your beardy, no matter what most say, think of it as eating Ramen Noodles all the time as a human. Its food, but its not very healthy for you at all
Crickets are the best staple for a beardy, roaches, anything that can be gut-loaded with calcium.
If you have to feed your beardy mealworms, the best way to avoid this is to pinch the heads of the worms before feeding. What that means is feed them with a pair of tweezers, but right before you hand them to your beardy, pinch the head of them as hard as possible with the tweezer ends. This will ensure that the worms are fully dead (while still wiggling while they die to attract your dragon) and make sure they won't be able to chew around inside your dragon
Hope this helps!