Thank you both for your input on surgery and anesthesia.
Today at the vet she weighed 518 grams, so well above what she was at the start of this thread. She was alert, active, and colorful. We did an x-ray and ultrasound to see how she's looking on the inside. We didn't observe any shelled eggs, but still some follicles present in various states - some lighter, some darker. The weird masses we saw before on the ultrasound were also no longer there. More free fluid was observed. We don't think her right toe has worsened at all.
The vet mentioned it's possible she may be in follicular stasis - stating this is likely a surgical issue and suggested the best option would be to keep her as comfortable as we can as opposed to going the surgical route for the time being. The biggest reason the vet presented on keeping her comfortable as opposed to surgery would be that Pancake has historically not tolerated medicine that she says most bearded dragons generally would tolerate without problem. She has concerns that Pancake wouldn't tolerate the anesthesia either, and would personally be nervous operating on a dragon with a history like Pancake's.
It's worth noting the vet didn't seem terribly confident in her diagnosis. Perhaps someone else can weigh in on the likelihood of stasis based on the images attached, those previously shared, and the information we have?
For the next two weeks until our recheck (on the 20th, coincidentally Pancake's birthday) we agreed to continue keeping her on the same treatment (meloxicam and calcium supplementation daily), as well as reducing assist feeding amount to encourage her to eat again on her own. I'm comfortable with this, as her weight is up significantly so we have a little wiggle room if she refuses to eat and loses some weight again.
When I got home I didn't do any assist feeding, instead I directly offered greens and she took a few small bites, but only if I was holding them. Nonetheless, progress!